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Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

“A cruel, crazy, mad, hopeless panic possessed them. . . . The heat was awful . . . the men were exhausted—their mouths gaped, their lips cracked and blackened with the powder of the cartridges they had bitten off in the battle, their eyes staring in frenzy.”

–Representative Albert Riddle, observing the First Battle of Bull Run

This excerpt describes _____ at the battle of First Battle of Bull Run.

a.	terrified observers of the battle	c.	retreating Union soldiers
b.	courageous Confederate soldiers	d.	civilians fleeing to Washington, D. C.

“Captaine Newport having set things in order, set saile for England the 22d of June, leaving provision for 13 or 14 weeks. The day before the Ships departure, the King of Pamaunke sent the Indian that had met us before in our discoverie, to assure us peace; our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit, that through some discontented humors, it did not so long continue, . . .”

-Captain John Smith, “A True Relation,” 1608

This excerpt from Captain John Smith’s account of the Jamestown colony describes events of the _____ century.

a.	early sixteenth	c.	early seventeenth
b.	late fifteenth	d.	mid seventeenth

“My heart has been rent [torn] by . . . the destruction of my country—the dismemberment of that great and glorious Union.”

–A South Carolinian

This quotation indicates that some Southerners were _____ about secession.

a.	overjoyed	c.	annoyed
b.	very upset	d.	embarrassed

In the autumn of 1621, a young member of the Massachusetts Bay colony, Edward Winslow, was present at the colony’s first Thanksgiving. He remarks that “many of the Indians came amongst us . . . with some ninety men whom for three days we entertained and feasted. . . .”

-Thanksgiving at the Massachusetts Bay colony, 1621

Which group of Native Americans participated in this first Thanksgiving celebration?

a.	the Onondaga	c.	the Deleware
b.	the Wampanoag	d.	the Lenape

“The climate and external appearance of the country conspire to make them indolent, easy, and good-natured; extremely fond of society, and much given to convivial pleasures. In consequence of this, they seldom show any spirit of enterprize, or expose themselves willingly to fatigue. Their authority over their slaves renders them vain and imperious, and intire strangers to that elegance of sentiment, which is so peculiarly characteristic of refined and polished nations. Their ignorance of mankind and of learning, exposes them to many errors and prejudices, especially in regard to Indians and Negroes, whom they scarcely consider as of the human species; so that it is almost impossible, in cases of violence, or even murder, committed on those unhappy people by any of the planters, to have the delinquents brought to justice.”

–Andrew Burnaby, 1759

This young English traveler in Virginia notes that the climate and pleasing appearance of this country makes its inhabitants _____.

a.	hardworking, intelligent and tolerant	c.	lazy, good natured, and prejudiced
b.	sharp, inventive, and energetic	d.	knowledgeable, refined, and elegant

“A pleasing uniformity of decent competence appears throughout our habitations [homes]. The meanest of our log-houses is dry and comfortable. . . . What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, and whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. . . . There is room for everybody in America; he has particular talent, or industry? He exerts it in order to produce a livelihood, and it succeeds. . . .”

–J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer,

published 1782

Which statement best characterizes Crevecoeur’s description of Americans?

a.	Americans come from only a few places and have to work very hard to exercise their talents.
b.	Americans are very similar to Europeans and follow the traditions and occupations from that continent.
c.	Americans come from many backgrounds and have the opporunity to express their talents successfully.
d.	Americans have been strongly influenced by Native American traditions and reject European ideas.

“It was a sense of the wrongs which we have suffered that prompted that noble but unfortunate Captain Brown and his associates to attempt to give freedom to a small number, at least, of those who are now held by cruel and unjust laws, and by no less cruel and unjust men. . . . I fully believe that not only myself, but also all three of my poor comrades who are to ascend the same scaffold (a scaffold already made sacred to the cause of freedom by the death of that great champion of human freedom, Captain John Brown), are prepared to meet our God.”

–John Copeland, black man in John Brown’s group, letter to his brother

The writer of this passage, along with many others, felt that John Brown was _____.

a.	a dangerous rebel	c.	a great hero
b.	a misguided person	d.	an ineffective leader

“. . . That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever, free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. . . .”

This announcement by the President of the United States is a quotation from _____.

a.	the Constitution	c.	the Gettysburg Address
b.	the Emancipation Proclamation	d.	the Thirteenth Amendment

“The want of our fresh and present supply of our discoveries has in a manner taken away the title which the law of nations gives us unto the coast first found out by our industry, forasmuch as whatsoever a man relinquishes may be claimed by the next finder as his own property. Neither is it sufficient to set foot in a country but to possess and hold it, in defense of an invading force (for want whereof) the king of Denmark intends to a northwest voyage (as it is reported). It is also reported that the French intend to inhabit Virginia, which they may safely achieve if their second voyage proves strong and there does not languish for want of sufficient and timely supplies, . . .”

–Richard Hakluyt, January 5, 1607

In this passage, Hakluyt, a geographer and writer, argues that the English need to support their North American colonies because otherwise _____.

a.	the English will lose great trade opportunities
b.	other countries will take possession of the New World
c.	the English will have to fight Denmark and France
d.	not the Spanish will again threaten England

“Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on the fouling [hunt for food], that we might . . . rejoice together after we had gathered the fruits of our labors. In one day they killed as much fowl as . . . served the company almost a week. At which time, . . . many of the Indians came amongst us . . . with some ninety men whom for three days we entertained and feasted . . .”

– Thanksgiving at the Massachusetts Bay colony, 1621

10.

What is most notable about this excerpt from Edward Winslow’s account of the first Thanksgiving?

a.	the variety of food served	c.	the colorful decorations on the table
b.	the ninety Native American guests	d.	the blessings recited over the meal

“[The real issue is] between the men who think slavery a wrong and those who do not think it wrong. The Republican Party thinks it wrong.”

–Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln–Douglas Debates, 1858

11.

After the Lincoln–Douglas Debates, who won the election to the seat of U.S. Senator from Illinois?

a.	Abraham Lincoln	c.	Henry Clay
b.	Stephen A. Douglas	d.	Daniel Webster

Q. You spoke of the barbarous treatment these men [the slaves] had received sometimes when they had been surrendered; what can you state about that more than you have already stated?

A. Lieutenant Colonel Benedict reported to me one or two instances that had come under his notice, where Maryland owners had obtained possession of their slaves, and would immediately set to work flogging them in view of the troops; and the result would be that the soldiers would go out and rescue the Negro, and in some instances would thrash the masters. . . . It was a regiment of excellent soldiers, but they were resolute, desperate men; they were all firemen of New York City . . . [T]hey would not permit any man to come within their lines upon a similar mission. . . .

–Report to Congress of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

12.

According to the excerpt, Union soldiers _____ government policy about returning runaway slaves to their masters.

a.	always obeyed	c.	were unaware of
b.	did not always follow	d.	were glad to follow

“If we unite in one band, the Great Spirit will smile upon us and we shall be free, prosperous and happy. But if we shall remain as we are, we shall incur his displeasure. We shall be enslaved, and perhaps annihilated forever.”

–from the Iroquois League founding document

13.

Did all members of the Iroquois League freely choose to be part of the alliance?

a.	yes, it was always an appealing alliance for groups to join
b.	not always, conquered peoples did not have a choice
c.	no, the League members voted on prospective members
d.	yes, the League only wanted members who joined by their own choice

“. . . I need not tell the brave survivors of so many hardfought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to the result from no distrust of them. But, feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that may have attended the continuance of the contest, I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. . . .”

–General Robert E. Lee, last order to his troops, April 9, 1865

14.

Which statement best describes why Lee is surrendering?

a.	Further fighting could not accomplish anything useful and losses would be heavy.
b.	Lee was tired of fighting and the Confederate armies had suffered very heavy losses.
c.	The Confederate armies were weary and would not continue to fight any more.
d.	Ammunition and other supplies for the Confederate troops had run out and could not be replaced.

“As he stepped out of the door, a black woman, with a little child in her arms, stood near his way. . . . He stopped for a moment in his course, stooped over, and with the tenderness of one whose love is as broad as the brotherhood of man, kissed the child affectionately.”

–The Execution of John Brown,” The Anglo-African Magazine, December 1859

15.

The bias in favor of John Brown by the writer of this passage is demonstrated by _____.

a.	the powerful description of a huge mourning crowd
b.	the words “with the tenderness of one whose love is as broad as the brotherhood of man”
c.	the words from Brown’s fiery farewell speech to the crowd
d.	the mention of the threat of a thunderstorm and then a downpour

“This wise and truly pious ruler and governor did not, however, take possession of the province thus granted without having first conciliated, and at various councils and treaties duly purchased from, the natives of this country the various regions . . .. He, having by these means obtained good titles to the province, under the sanction and signature of the native chiefs, I therefore have purchased from him some 30,000 acres for my German colony.”

–Francis D. Pastorius, 1700

16.

In the early 1680s, as mentioned in this passage, which governor of an early North American colony negotiated treaties with local Native Americans?

a.	Lord John Berkeley	c.	Lord Baltimore
b.	James Oglethorpe	d.	William Penn

“An't I yer master? Didn't I pay down twelve hundred dollars cash, for all there is inside yer old cussed black shell? An't yer mine, now, body and soul?" he said, giving Tom a violent kick with his heavy boot; "tell me!"

In the very depth of physical suffering, bowed by brutal oppression, this question shot a gleam of joy and triumph through Tom's soul. He suddenly stretched himself up, and, . . he exclaimed, "No! no! no! my soul an't yours, Mas'r! You haven't bought it,—ye can't buy it! It's been bought and paid for, by one that is able to keep it;—no matter, no matter, you can't harm me!"

–Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

17.

In this passage, the slaveowner Simon Legree treats the slave Tom as _____.

a.	a member of his family	c.	a free person
b.	a hired worker	d.	a piece of his property

“. . . Sis I dont know what you think about the war but I will tell you what I think and that is the north will nevver whip the south as long as there is a man left in the south. They fight like wild devles. Ever man seems determine to loose the last drop of blood before they give up but there is no use of you and I talking about the war because we cant end it, but I dont care how soon it is stopped. Christmas will soon be here I would like to be at [home.] . . .”

–John R. McClure, private in 14th Indiana Volunteers,

etter to his sister, December 19, 1862

18.

According to the excerpt, Confederate soldiers _____.

a.	are very courageous	c.	give up easily
b.	are poor fighters	d.	outnumber the Union soldiers

“I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan's [Tahgahjute’s] cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat: if ever he came cold and naked, and he cloathed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. . . . [M]y countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, "Logan is the friend of white man." I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children.”

–Tahgahjute, Mingo chief, 1774

19.

The murders of Tahgahjute’s wife and children were especially unfair because the chief _____.

a.	had met just with the president and signed a treaty in Washington
b.	always had been very friendly to European settlers
c.	had saved Colonel Cresap’s family from attack by other Native Americans
d.	always told his family that European settlers were their allies

“. . .[T]his momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper.”

–Thomas Jefferson, letter to a Massachusetts congressman

20.

This excerpt expresses Jefferson’s alarm about the recent passage of the _____.

a.	Fugitive Slave Laws	c.	Compromise of 1850
b.	Alien and Sedition Acts	d.	Missouri Compromise

“ . . . Now, although the oft-mentioned William Penn is one of the sect of Friends, or Quakers, still he will compel no man to belong to his particular society; but he has granted to everyone free and untrammeled exercise of their opinions and the largest and most complete liberty of conscience.

“The native Indians have no written religious belief or creed; and their own peculiar ideas, which are by no means so rude or so barbarous as those of many other heathens, have to be transmitted from the parents to their children only per traditionem [through tradition]. . . .”

21.

This excerpt from a letter of an early settler in Pennsylvania describes the colony’s policy of _____.

a.	free trade	c.	free speech
b.	religious tolerance	d.	pacifism

“The deed is done. The . . . chains of slavery are forged for [many] yet unborn. Humble yourselves in the dust, ye high-minded citizens of Connecticut. Let your cheeks be red as crimson. On your representatives rests the stigma of this foul disgrace.”

–from a Connecticut newspaper, 1820

22.

These strong words of criticism were a response to members of Congress who had helped pass the _____.

a.	Missouri Compromise	c.	Fugitive Slave Laws
b.	Wilmot Proviso	d.	Alien and Sedition Acts

“I can’t spare this man. He fights.”

–President Abraham Lincoln

23.

This quotation refers to what formerly unpromising army officer?

a.	George McClellan	c.	William Tecumseh Sherman
b.	Ulysses S. Grant	d.	Ambrose Burnside

“8. Where colonies are founded for a public-weal, they may continue in better obedience and become more industrious than where private men are absolute backers of a voyage. Men of better behavior and quality will engage themselves in a public service, which carries more reputation with it, than a private, which is for the most part ignominious in the end, because it is presumed to aim at a profit and is subject to rivalry, fraud, and envy, and when it is at the greatest height of fortune can hardly be tolerated because of the jealousy of the state.”

- Richard Hakluyt, January 5, 1607

24.

In this excerpt, which is one reason that geographer and writer Richard Hakluyt says that publicly supported colonies turn out better than privately backed ones?

a.	They are much more profitable.	c.	They have a lesser reputation.
b.	They attract better quality people.	d.	They are less prone to Indian attack.

“. . . TO ALL FREE MEN OF OUR KINGDOM we have also granted, for us and our heirs for ever, all the liberties written out below, to have and to keep for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs: . . .”

–King John, the Magna Carta, 1215

25.

When England’s King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, it established the principle of _____ the power of government.

a.	expanding	c.	legitimizing
b.	accepting	d.	limiting

“Upon these considerations, it is the opinion of the court that the Act of Congress [the Missouri Compromise] which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned, is not warranted by the Constitution, and is therefore void; and that neither Dred Scott himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner, with the intention of becoming a permanent resident. . . .”

–Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, decision on Dred Scott v. Sandford, March 6, 1857

26.

Many Southerners were pleased by this decision because it said _____.

a.	Dred Scott now would be freed
b.	slavery was unconstitutional
c.	restricting slavery was unconstitutional
d.	slaves were not property

“[They] will make good soldiers and taking them from the enemy weakens him in the same proportion they strengthen us.”

27.

In this excerpt from a letter General Grant wrote to President Lincoln, to whom does “They” refer?

a.	Native Americans	c.	African Americans
b.	Female spies	d.	slaves on Southern plantations

“The Petition of a Grate Number of Blacks of this Province who by divine permission are held in a state of Slavery within the bowels of a free and Christian Country

“Humbly Shewing

“That your Petitioners apprehind we have in common with all other men a naturel right to our freedoms without Being depriv'd of them by our fellow men as we are a freeborn Pepel and have never forfeited this Blessing by aney compact or agreement whatever. But we were unjustly dragged by the cruel hand of power from our dearest frinds and sum of us stolen from the bosoms of our tender Parents and from a Populous Pleasant and plentiful country and Brought hither to be made slaves for Life in a Christian land. Thus we are deprived of every thing that hath a tendency to make life even tolerable, the endearing ties of husband and wife we are strangers to for we are no longer man and wife than our masters or mistresses thinkes proper marred or onmarred. Our children are also taken from us by force and sent maney miles from us wear we seldom or ever see them again there to be made slaves of for Life which sumtimes is vere short by Reson of Being dragged from their mothers Breest Thus our Lives are imbittered to us on these accounts”

–Appeal by the Founding Fathers to Thomas Gage,

royal governor of the colony of Massachusetts

28.

Why do the Founding Fathers, a group of slaves in Massachusetts, say that they should be free?

a.	They were born free and have a natural right to be free as do all men.
b.	They were taken without their consent from their parents and their native land.
c.	They have now completed ttheir contracts to serve as slaves.
d.	They are mistreated by cruel taskmasters who will not release them

“Physically speaking, we can not separate. We can not remove our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other; but the different parts of our country can not do this. . . .

“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war.”

–March 4, 1861

29.

Who made this statement about secession?

a.	Abraham Lincoln	c.	John C. Calhoun
b.	Jefferson Davis	d.	Robert E. Lee

“Does anyone wonder [why] so many women die? Grief and constant anxiety kill nearly as many women at home as men are killed on the battle-field.”

–Mary Chesnut

30.

About what do women feel the “grief and constant anxiety” that this excerpt mentions?

a.	the difficulty of managing farms and taking care of families
b.	the exhaustion of working in factories and replacing missing male workers
c.	the problems of collecting supplies of food and clothing for the war effort.
d.	the possible death of husbands, fathers, sons, and brothers far from home

“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

–August 1862

31.

Who took this position on the issue of slavery?

a.	Jefferson Davis	c.	William Lloyd Garrison
b.	Abraham Lincoln	d.	Frederick Douglass

“Can you imagine a fellow’s feelings about that time, to have to face thousands of muskets with a prospect of having a bullet put through you? If you can, all right; I can’t describe it. I’ve heard some say that they were not _____ going into a fight, but I think it’s all nonsense. I don’t believe there was ever a man who went into battle but was _____, more or less. Some will turn pale as a sheet, look wild and ferocious, some will be so excited that they don’t know what they are about while others will be as cool and collected as on other occasions.”

–George Sargent, Union soldier

32.

Which word best fill in the blanks for this passage about facing battle?

a.	confused	c.	scared
b.	curious	d.	calm

“As yet we had no houses to cover us, our Tents were rotten and our Cabbins worse then nought: our best commoditie was Yron [iron] which we made into little chissels. The president and Captaine Martins sicknes, constrayned me to be Cape Marchant, and yet to spare no paines in making houses for the company; who notwithstanding our misery, little ceased their mallice, grudging, and muttering. As at this time were most of our chiefest men either sicke or discontented, the rest being in such dispaire, as they would rather starve and rot with idlenes, then be perswaded to do any thing for their owne reliefe without constraint . . .”

–Captain John Smith, “A True Relation,” 1608

33.

Which statement best summarizes Captain Smith’s account of the condition of the Jamestown colony?

a.	The colonists were tired, but worked hard to build houses.
b.	The colonists were farming and getting ready for winter.
c.	The colonists were building a fort for defense against Native American attacks.
d.	The colonists were sick, miserable, and unwilling to help themselves.

“. . . It had suddenly appeared to him that perhaps in a battle he might run. He was forced to admit that as far as war was concerned he knew nothing of himself. . . .

“A little panic-fear grew in is mind. As his imagination went forward to a fight, he saw hideous possibilities. . . .”

–Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage

34.

The character in this excerpt is becoming afraid because _____.

a.	He knows he will fight hard along with others.
b.	He wishes he were back home.
c.	He is uncertain about how he will react in a battle.
d.	He is eager to get into battle.

No more America in mournful strain

Of wrongs, and grievance unredress'd complain,

No longer shall thou dread the iron chain,

Which wanton Tyranny with lawless hand

Has made, and which it meant t' enslave the land.

Should you, my lord, while you pursue my song,

Wonder from whence my love of Freedom sprung,

Whence flow these wishes for the common good,

By feeling hearts alone best understood,

I, young in life, by seeming cruel fate

Was snatch'd from Afric's fancy'd happy seat:

What pangs excruciating must molest,

What sorrows labour in my parent's breast?

Steel'd was the soul and by no misery mov'd

That from a father seiz'd his babe belov'd

Such, such my case. And can I then but pray

Others may never feel tyrannic sway?

–Phillis Wheatley

35.

In this poem Phillis Wheatley rejoices for the cause American liberty. What reason does she reveal for her love of freedom?

a.	She has experienced slavery first-hand on a Southern plantation.
b.	As a child, she was brought as a slave from Africa.
c.	As a child, her family owned a plantation that employed slaves.
d.	She feels that slavery is against the principles of Christianity.

“July 29, 1864—Sleepless nights. The report is that the Yankees have left Covington for Macon, . . . to release prisoners held there. They robbed every house on the road of its provisions [supplies], sometimes taking every piece of meat, blankets and wearing apparel, silver and arms of every description. They would take silk dresses and put them under their saddles, and many other things for which they had no use. Is this the way to make us love them and their Union? Let the poor people answer [those] whom they have deprived of every mouthful of meat and of their livestock to make any! Our mills, too, they have burned, destroying an immense amount of property.”

–from the diary of Dolly Sumner Lunt

36.

During General Sherman’s “march to the sea,” described in this excerpt, the object of this destruction was _____.

a.	to destroy the Confederate army
b.	to find supplies for the Union army
c.	to encourage freeing the South’s slaves
d.	to break the South’s will to fight

” . . . I found some black people about me, and I believe some were those who had brought me on board and had been receiving their pay. . . . I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men with horrible looks, red faces, and long hair.”

–Olaudah Equiano, 11-year-old kidnapped from his home in what is now

Nigeria and brought to America as an enslaved person, on his first day on the slave ship

37.

Who were the people Equiano mentions that “had been receiving their pay”?

a.	Africans who were paid as guards on the slave ships
b.	plantation overseers who had come to Africa to help find slaves
c.	slave traders who had gone to Africa and now were returning to America
d.	Africans who had sold other Africans to slave traders

“In the Name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland, the fifty-fourth, Anno Domini, 1620.”

–The Mayflower Compact

38.

When they signed the Mayflower Compact, the Pilgrims promised to _____.

a.	to establish the first colony in Virginia
b.	obey the laws passed for the general good of the colony
c.	to meet together regularly to make important decisions
d.	to remain loyal to the King of England

“REASONS OR MOTIVES for the raising of a public stock to be employed for the peopling and discovering of such countries as may be found most convenient for the supply of those defects which this Realm of England most requires:

“1. All kingdoms are maintained by rents or trade, but especially by the latter, which in maritime places flourishes the most by means of navigation.

“2. The Realm of England is an island impossible to be otherwise fortified than by strong ships and able mariners, and is secluded from all corners with those of the main continent; therefore, fit abundance of vessels should be prepared to export and import merchandise.

“3. The furniture of shipping consists in masts, cordage, pitch, tar, resin, and that of which England is by nature unprovided; at this present time it enjoys them only by the favor of a foreign country.”

–Richard Hakluyt, January 5, 1607

39.

This quotation from an English geographer and writer on voyages of exploration begins its list of reasons by focusing on which crucial element of England’s strength?

a.	her status as an island	c.	her maritime power
b.	her military strength	d.	her brilliant court

“If you are French . . . join us. If you are English, we declare war against you. Let us have your answer.”

–Chief Pontiac, 1763

40.

Why did Pontiac declare war on the English?

a.	The Treaty of Paris gave the British settlers unfair trading advantages.
b.	He felt that British settlers threatened the Native American way of life.
c.	French traders had been attacked unfairly by British soldiers.
d.	He decided to join with the French in an alliance against the British.

“The _____ is the greatest event of our nation’s history.”

–Frederick Douglass, 1864

41.

Which word correctly fills in the blank in this quotation?

a.	Thirteenth Amendment	c.	Emancipation Proclamation
b.	Battle of Gettysburg	d.	Battle of Chancellorsville

“. . . Can the people of a territory in any lawful way, against the wishes of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a state constitution? . . . [T]he people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can only be established by the local legislature, and, if the people are opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives to that body who will by unfriendly legislation effectually prevent the introduction of it into their midst. . . .”

–Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln–Douglas debate, August 27, 1858

42.

In this passage, the position Douglas states became known as the _____.

a.	Douglas Decree	c.	Freeport Doctrine
b.	Jonesboro Statement	d.	Clay Compromise

“ . . . Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan [Tahgahjute], not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I have killed many: I have fully glutted my vengeance: for my country I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbour a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan?—Not one.”

–Tahgahjute, Mingo chief, 1774

43.

This passage indicates how important _____ is for this Native American leader.

a.	powerful allies	c.	good friends and trade
b.	favorable treaties	d.	heirs and blood relatives

“As a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to the remedy of separation, and henceforth our energies must be directed to the conduct of our own affairs, . . . If a just perception of mutual interest shall permit us peaceably to pursue our separate political career my most earnest desire will have been fulfilled. But if this be denied to us . . . [we will be forced] to appeal to arms. . . .”

–February 18, 1861

44.

This statement of separation is a quotation from _____.

a.	Abraham Lincoln’s Inaugural Address
b.	John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry speech
c.	Jefferson Davis’s Inaugural Address
d.	Robert E. Lee’s letter to his wife

(45) “We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or other officials, only men that know the law of the realm and are minded to keep it well. . . .

(60) “All these customs and liberties that we have granted shall be observed in our kingdom in so far as concerns our own relations with our subjects. Let all men of our kingdom, whether clergy or laymen, observe them similarly in their relations with their own men. . . .

(63) “IT IS ACCORDINGLY OUR WISH AND COMMAND that the English Church shall be free, and that men in our kingdom shall have and keep all these liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably in their fulness and entirety for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all things and all places for ever.

Both we and the barons have sworn that all this shall be observed in good faith and without deceit. Witness the abovementioned people and many others.”

–from the Magna Carta, 1215

45.

Who keeps the rights and liberties mentioned in this excerpt of the Magna Carta?

a.	King John	c.	the English barons
b.	the English people	d.	Parliament

“[William is] . . . wild to be off to Virginia. He so fears that the fighting will be over before he can get there.”

–Kate Stone, 1861

46.

Written shortly after the attack on Fort Sumter, this excerpt from a letter by the sister of a Confederate soldier in Louisiana describes his _____ in the war.

a.	fear of involvement	c.	reluctance to fight
b.	eagerness to participate	d.	slowness to join

For pottage and puddings and custards and pies

Our pumpkins and parsnips are common supplies. We

have pumpkins at morning and pumpkins at noon,

If it were not for pumpkin,

We should be undone.

– American Folk Song

47.

This song amusingly praises the _____ of pumpkins.

a.	superb taste	c.	many uses
b.	beautiful color	d.	unusual variety

“I was soon put down under the decks. . . . The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. . . . The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying rendered [made] the whole a scene of horror.”

–Olaudah Equiano

48.

This passage by a young African forced by slave traders to take the journey from Africa to the West Indies describes the conditions _____.

a.	of triangular trade	c.	on the Middle Passage
b.	in the Tidewater	d.	on sugar plantations

“One day I undertook a tour through the country, and the diversity and beauties of nature I met with in this charming season, expelled every gloomy and vexatious thought. Just at the close of day the gentle gales retired, and left the place to the disposal of a profound calm. Not a breeze shook the most tremulous leaf. I had gained the summit of a commanding ridge, and, looking round with astonishing delight, beheld the ample plains, the beauteous tracts below. On the other hand, I surveyed the famous river Ohio, that rolled in silent dignity, marking the western boundary of Kentucky with inconceivable grandeur. At a vast distance I beheld the mountains lift their venerable brows, and penetrate the clouds. All things were still.”

–Daniel Boone, 1769

49.

Which statement best characterizes Daniel Boone’s description of Kentucky?

a.	He found the forest excellent for hunting and the soil good for farming.
b.	He was impressed by the majestic vista of the Ohio River valley.
c.	He was struck by the wonderful beauty of the landscape.
d.	He thought that the mountains might have important mineral deposits.

“Our German Society have in this place now established a lucrative trade in woolen and linen goods, together with a large assortment of other useful and necessary articles, and have entrusted this extensive business to my own direction. Besides this they have now purchased and hold over 30,000 acres of land, for the sake of establishing an entirely German colony. In my newly laid out Germantown there are already sixty-four families in a very prosperous condition. Such persons, therefore, and all those who still arrive, have to fall to work and swing the axe most vigorously; for wherever you turn the cry is, Itur in antiquam sylvam [Let us go through the primeval forest], nothing but endless forests.”

50.

According to this excerpt from a letter in 1700, how are the settlers of Germantown proceeding to set up their colony?

a.	They are starting businesses and working hard to clear the forest.
b.	They have built a fort and are awaiting supplies to arrive.
c.	They are trading profitably with the Native Americans near them.
d.	They have started a strict religious community and built a cathedral.

“These lakes, these woods, and mountains were left [to] us by our ancestors. They are our inheritances, and we will part with them to no one. . . . [Y]ou ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us in these spacious lakes and on the woody mountains. . . .”

–Chief Pontiac

51.

According to Chief Pontiac, who gave his ancestors their inheritances from the lakes, woods, and mountains?

a.	the French	c.	the Great Spirit
b.	the Iroquois League	d.	the Treaty of Oneida

“No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.”

–at the capture of Fort Donelson, February 16, 1862

52.

This quotation provided a nickname for which new hero of the North?

a.	Ulysses S. Grant	c.	David Farragut
b.	Albert Sidney Johnson	d.	George McClellan

“The great questions that have troubled the country, are about the authority of the magistrates and the liberty of the people. It is yourselves who have called us to this office, and being called by you, we have our authority from God, . . . If you stand for your natural corrupt liberties, and will do what is good in your own eyes, you will not endure the least weight of authority, but will murmur, and oppose, and be always striving to shake off that yoke; but if you will be satisfied to enjoy such civil and lawful liberties, such as Christ allows you, then will you quietly and cheerfully submit unto that authority which is set over you, in all the administrations of it, for your good.”

53.

In this excerpt from a famous speech by John Winthrop, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he argues that personal liberty is subject to elected community leaders, who get their final authority from _____.

a.	the king of England	c.	God, or a Supreme Being
b.	the people of the colony	d.	the natural order of things

“I have favored this Missouri Compromise, believing it to be all that could be effected under the present Constitution, and from extreme unwillingness to put the Union at hazard. But perhaps it would have been a wiser as well as a bolder course to have persisted in the restriction upon Missouri, till it should have terminated in a convention of the states to revise and amend the Constitution. This would have produced a new Union of thirteen or fourteen States, unpolluted with slavery, . . . . If the Union must be dissolved, slavery is precisely the question upon which it ought to break. . . .”

–John Quincy Adams, March 3, 1820

54.

In his diary entry, John Quincy Adams describes which alternate solution to the issues dealt with in the Missouri Compromise?

a.	the universal emancipation of slaves
b.	a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery
c.	a national vote by citizens on the slavery issue
d.	the spread of the factory system in the South

“The existence of slavery impairs the industry and the power of a nation; and it does so in proportion to the multiplication of its slaves . . .

“If slavery be permitted in Missouri, with the climate and soil and in the circumstances of this territory, what hope can be entertained that it will ever be prohibited in any of the new states that will be formed in the immense region west of the Mississippi?”

–Senator Rufus King, Nile’s Weekly Register, December 4, 1819

“Rob us of our just portion of the territory which has been jointly purchased by the treasures of the nation and the valley of the Mississippi will be settled by the sons of the Eastern people, the inheritors of their fathers' prejudices . . .

“And when they have succeeded in excluding from the Western settlements every Southern man, and shall have sent forth in every direction swarms from the Northern hive, and missionary preachers against the cruelties and inhumanities of Southern slavery, a universal emancipation may be the next scheme suggested by visionary philanthropists or promoted by designing politicians.”

–Anonymous, Richmond Enquirer, December 23, 1819

55.

Compare the two statements and decide which issue in the region west of the Mississippi most concerns both these two individuals.

a.	the settlement by northerners
b.	the prohibition of slavery
c.	the exclusion of southerners
d.	the weakening of the national economy